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Radula marginata Taylor |
Radula marginata (Wairuakohu) is a species of plant in genus Radula[1], a genus of liverworts. It is endemic to New Zealand.[2][3] It has been found to contain cannabinoids.[4][5]
Cannabinoids[edit]
Users smoking the plant have experienced different effects.[6][citation needed] The cannabinoid is not THC, the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis, but it is of similar molecular structure.[4] The liverwort contains perrottetinene and perrottetinenic acid.[4] The quantity of cannabinoid present is much less than in cannabis. Perrottetinene has been shown to be a moderately potent CB1 agonist leading to mild psychoactive effects in mice.[7]
However, as early as 1994, Japanese phytochemist Yoshinori Asakawa had discovered a substance in the liverwort plant Radula perrottetii which was related to THC and had named this natural. Apr 01, 2005 The liverwort Radula perrottetii Gott. Belongs to the Jungermanniales (Hepaticae). Earlier, several prenylated bibenzyls and derivatives thereof have been reported from R. Perrottetii (Asakawa et al., 1982, Asakawa et al., 1991, Toyota et al., 1985, Toyota et al., 1994).Further investigation of the chemical constituents of R. Perrottetii resulted in the isolation of two diterpene hydrocarbons.
Legal status[edit]
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The liverwort grows as a common weed.[citation needed] Owning, growing and distributing the liverwort is legal.
Radula marginata may have been used in rongoā (Māori herbal medicine), but there is no firm evidence of this.
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References[edit]
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- ^Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jürg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). 'Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology'. Phytochemistry Reviews. 18 (3): 953–965. doi:10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8.
- ^http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550163
- ^http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550057
- ^ abcToyota, M.; et al. (2002). 'New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata'(PDF). Chem Pharm Bull. 50 (10): 1390. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1390.
- ^Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). 'Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata'. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 537. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00537. PMC5954354. PMID29868043.
- ^http://www.tripme.co.nz/forums/showthread.php?t=1943
- ^Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). 'Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high'. Science Advances. 4 (10): eaat2166. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2166. ISSN2375-2548. PMC6200358. PMID30397641.
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